Anticorodal-50
Anticorodal-50 / AlSi5Mg (RHEINFELDEN ALLOYS) | 사형 주조 및 중력 금형 주조
제조사가 보고한 값입니다. 인증된 설계 허용값으로 사용하지 마세요. 출처 보기 ↗
출처 문서의 제목과 조건 설명은 출처 언어 그대로, 공정 항목의 값·보류 사유·검토 메모는 영어 그대로 표시하며 번역하지 않습니다. 숫자, 단위, 질별, 합금 지정도 번역하지 않습니다.
| 질별 | 두께 | 항복강도 MPa | 인장강도 MPa | 연신율 % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| F · Sand casting | 명시 없음 | 100–130 | 140–180 | 2–4 |
| T4 · Sand casting | 명시 없음 | 150–180 | 200–270 | 4–10 |
| T6 · Sand casting | 명시 없음 | 220–290 | 260–320 | 2–4 |
| F · Gravity die casting | 명시 없음 | 120–160 | 160–200 | 2–5 |
| T4 · Gravity die casting | 명시 없음 | 160–190 | 210–270 | 5–10 |
| T6 · Gravity die casting | 명시 없음 | 240–290 | 260–320 | 2–7 |
F 조건: Original-supplier performance interval. Sand/gravity data include separately cast and casting-extracted specimens (p. 75). No wall thickness is stated for the main range; parenthetical casting minima at wall ≤20 mm are separate observations.
T4 조건: Original-supplier performance interval. Sand/gravity data include separately cast and casting-extracted specimens (p. 75). No wall thickness is stated for the main range; parenthetical casting minima at wall ≤20 mm are separate observations.
T6 조건: Original-supplier performance interval. Sand/gravity data include separately cast and casting-extracted specimens (p. 75). No wall thickness is stated for the main range; parenthetical casting minima at wall ≤20 mm are separate observations.
F 조건: Original-supplier performance interval. Sand/gravity data include separately cast and casting-extracted specimens (p. 75). No wall thickness is stated for the main range; parenthetical casting minima at wall ≤20 mm are separate observations.
T4 조건: Original-supplier performance interval. Sand/gravity data include separately cast and casting-extracted specimens (p. 75). No wall thickness is stated for the main range; parenthetical casting minima at wall ≤20 mm are separate observations.
T6 조건: Original-supplier performance interval. Sand/gravity data include separately cast and casting-extracted specimens (p. 75). No wall thickness is stated for the main range; parenthetical casting minima at wall ≤20 mm are separate observations.
화학 조성
검토를 마친 질량 백분율(wt%) 한계만 표시합니다. 비어 있는 한계는 다른 쪽 한계만 보고되었다는 뜻입니다.
Original-supplier handbook p. 21 and pp. 76–81 describe this branded AlSi5Mg grade; the product page and technical PDF are the same issuer. No generic AlSi5Mg equivalence is inferred. Main mechanical ranges have no stated wall thickness. P. 75 limits bracketed casting minima to walls up to 20 mm. Summary-table fatigue has no cycle count or stress ratio, so it remains separately labeled observations. REACH ingredient disclosure ranges are not ingot specification limits.
| 원소 / 출처 표기 | 하한 wt% | 상한 wt% |
|---|---|---|
| Si | 5.0 | 6.0 |
| Fe | — | 0.15 |
| Cu | — | 0.02 |
| Mn | — | 0.1 |
| Mg | 0.4 | 0.8 |
| Zn | — | 0.1 |
| Ti | — | 0.2 |
물리·열 물성
| 물성 | 보고된 값 | 단위 | 조건 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 밀도 | 2.67 | kg/dm³ | Supplier physical summary; heat-treatable alloy in heat-treated state; test temperature not separately reported |
| 영률 | 65–75 | GPa | Supplier physical summary; heat-treatable alloy in heat-treated state; test temperature not separately reported |
| 열팽창 | 23 | 10⁻⁶/K | Supplier physical summary; heat-treatable alloy in heat-treated state; 20–200 °C |
| 열전도율 | 1.5 | W/(K·cm) | Supplier physical summary; heat-treatable alloy in heat-treated state; 20–200 °C |
| 전기전도도 | 21–26 | MS/m | Supplier physical summary; heat-treatable alloy in heat-treated state; temperature not separately reported |
| 전기전도도 | 36.0–45.0 | %IACS | Supplier physical summary; heat-treatable alloy in heat-treated state; temperature not separately reported |
| 선수축률 | 1.1–1.2 | % | Supplier physical summary; heat-treatable alloy in heat-treated state; sand casting; temperature not separately reported |
| 선수축률 | 0.8–1.1 | % | Supplier physical summary; heat-treatable alloy in heat-treated state; gravity die casting; temperature not separately reported |
| 용융·응고 범위 | 550–625 | °C | Supplier melt and solidification range; includes partial-melting onset from segregation in cast structure |
| 밀도 | 2.67 | g/cm³ | Manufacturer REACH technical information, 2015 version 2; stated at 20 °C; product form not further specified |
| 용융 범위 | 550–625 | °C | Manufacturer REACH technical information, 2015 version 2; modification state and measurement method not stated |
가공 특성
출처가 보고한 비교이며 인증된 한계값이 아닙니다.
| 물성 | 보고된 값 |
|---|---|
| T6 general heat treatment | General heat-treatment summary: solution 520–535 °C for 4–8 h; water quench at 20 °C; age 155–160 °C for 7–9 h. |
| T4 general heat treatment | General heat-treatment summary: solution 520–535 °C for 4–8 h; water quench at 20 °C; natural ageing table lists 15–30 °C for 120 h. |
| supplier qualitative characteristics | Supplier describes outstanding weathering and very good salt-water resistance, good weldability, suitability for technical anodising, and very good polishability/machinability especially after artificial ageing. No standardized test rating is stated in this paragraph. |
추가 물성 데이터
출처가 보고한 값, 규격 구간, 최솟값(이상), 상한(미만 또는 이하)을 표시합니다. 평균은 출처가 평균으로 보고한 경우에만 평균이라고 표기합니다. 사용하기 전에 조건을 비교하세요.
| 물성 | 값 | 조건 |
|---|---|---|
| 브리넬 경도 | 60–70 HBW | Sand casting; F; supplier performance range; wall thickness not reported |
| 항복강도 | ≥ 90 MPa | Sand casting; F; supplier casting minimum at wall thickness ≤20 mm |
| 인장강도 | ≥ 130 MPa | Sand casting; F; supplier casting minimum at wall thickness ≤20 mm |
| 연신율 | ≥ 1 % | Sand casting; F; supplier casting minimum at wall thickness ≤20 mm |
| 브리넬 경도 | ≥ 55 HBW | Sand casting; F; supplier casting minimum at wall thickness ≤20 mm |
| 피로 저항 | 60–65 MPa | Sand casting; F; supplier summary; cycle count and stress ratio not reported |
| 브리넬 경도 | 75–90 HBW | Sand casting; T4; supplier performance range; wall thickness not reported |
| 항복강도 | ≥ 120 MPa | Sand casting; T4; supplier casting minimum at wall thickness ≤20 mm |
| 인장강도 | ≥ 150 MPa | Sand casting; T4; supplier casting minimum at wall thickness ≤20 mm |
| 연신율 | ≥ 2 % | Sand casting; T4; supplier casting minimum at wall thickness ≤20 mm |
| 브리넬 경도 | ≥ 70 HBW | Sand casting; T4; supplier casting minimum at wall thickness ≤20 mm |
| 피로 저항 | 70–75 MPa | Sand casting; T4; supplier summary; cycle count and stress ratio not reported |
| 브리넬 경도 | 95–115 HBW | Sand casting; T6; supplier performance range; wall thickness not reported |
| 항복강도 | ≥ 160 MPa | Sand casting; T6; supplier casting minimum at wall thickness ≤20 mm |
| 인장강도 | ≥ 180 MPa | Sand casting; T6; supplier casting minimum at wall thickness ≤20 mm |
| 연신율 | ≥ 1 % | Sand casting; T6; supplier casting minimum at wall thickness ≤20 mm |
| 브리넬 경도 | ≥ 85 HBW | Sand casting; T6; supplier casting minimum at wall thickness ≤20 mm |
| 피로 저항 | 70–75 MPa | Sand casting; T6; supplier summary; cycle count and stress ratio not reported |
| 브리넬 경도 | 60–75 HBW | Gravity die casting; F; supplier performance range; wall thickness not reported |
| 항복강도 | ≥ 100 MPa | Gravity die casting; F; supplier casting minimum at wall thickness ≤20 mm |
| 인장강도 | ≥ 140 MPa | Gravity die casting; F; supplier casting minimum at wall thickness ≤20 mm |
| 연신율 | ≥ 1 % | Gravity die casting; F; supplier casting minimum at wall thickness ≤20 mm |
| 브리넬 경도 | ≥ 60 HBW | Gravity die casting; F; supplier casting minimum at wall thickness ≤20 mm |
| 피로 저항 | 70–75 MPa | Gravity die casting; F; supplier summary; cycle count and stress ratio not reported |
| 브리넬 경도 | 75–90 HBW | Gravity die casting; T4; supplier performance range; wall thickness not reported |
| 항복강도 | ≥ 130 MPa | Gravity die casting; T4; supplier casting minimum at wall thickness ≤20 mm |
| 인장강도 | ≥ 170 MPa | Gravity die casting; T4; supplier casting minimum at wall thickness ≤20 mm |
| 연신율 | ≥ 3 % | Gravity die casting; T4; supplier casting minimum at wall thickness ≤20 mm |
| 브리넬 경도 | ≥ 70 HBW | Gravity die casting; T4; supplier casting minimum at wall thickness ≤20 mm |
| 피로 저항 | 80–85 MPa | Gravity die casting; T4; supplier summary; cycle count and stress ratio not reported |
| 브리넬 경도 | 100–115 HBW | Gravity die casting; T6; supplier performance range; wall thickness not reported |
| 항복강도 | ≥ 180 MPa | Gravity die casting; T6; supplier casting minimum at wall thickness ≤20 mm |
| 인장강도 | ≥ 190 MPa | Gravity die casting; T6; supplier casting minimum at wall thickness ≤20 mm |
| 연신율 | ≥ 1 % | Gravity die casting; T6; supplier casting minimum at wall thickness ≤20 mm |
| 브리넬 경도 | ≥ 90 HBW | Gravity die casting; T6; supplier casting minimum at wall thickness ≤20 mm |
| 피로 저항 | 80–85 MPa | Gravity die casting; T6; supplier summary; cycle count and stress ratio not reported |
| 발화 온도 | 400 °C | Manufacturer REACH technical information; dust form only; not a bulk-alloy ignition temperature |
근거
Anticorodal-50 technical information (REACH), 2015 version 2 — RHEINFELDEN ALLOYS GmbH & Co. KG
Primary Aluminium Casting Alloys handbook, 2016 — Anticorodal-50 — RHEINFELDEN ALLOYS GmbH & Co. KG
값마다 정확한 출처 위치 보기
- anticorodal-50-sand-f-range — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Sand casting F row ↗
- anticorodal-50-sand-f-range — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Sand casting F row ↗
- anticorodal-50-sand-t4-range — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Sand casting T4 row ↗
- anticorodal-50-sand-t4-range — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Sand casting T4 row ↗
- anticorodal-50-sand-t6-range — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Sand casting T6 row ↗
- anticorodal-50-sand-t6-range — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Sand casting T6 row ↗
- anticorodal-50-gravity-f-range — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Gravity die casting F row ↗
- anticorodal-50-gravity-f-range — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Gravity die casting F row ↗
- anticorodal-50-gravity-t4-range — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Gravity die casting T4 row ↗
- anticorodal-50-gravity-t4-range — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Gravity die casting T4 row ↗
- anticorodal-50-gravity-t6-range — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Gravity die casting T6 row ↗
- anticorodal-50-gravity-t6-range — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Gravity die casting T6 row ↗
- Si — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed chemistry, Si column ↗
- Si — PDF p. 77, Anticorodal-50 chemistry continuation, Si column ↗
- Fe — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed chemistry, Fe column ↗
- Fe — PDF p. 77, Anticorodal-50 chemistry continuation, Fe column ↗
- Cu — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed chemistry, Cu column ↗
- Cu — PDF p. 77, Anticorodal-50 chemistry continuation, Cu column ↗
- Mn — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed chemistry, Mn column ↗
- Mn — PDF p. 77, Anticorodal-50 chemistry continuation, Mn column ↗
- Mg — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed chemistry, Mg column ↗
- Mg — PDF p. 77, Anticorodal-50 chemistry continuation, Mg column ↗
- Zn — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed chemistry, Zn column ↗
- Zn — PDF p. 77, Anticorodal-50 chemistry continuation, Zn column ↗
- Ti — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed chemistry, Ti column ↗
- Ti — PDF p. 77, Anticorodal-50 chemistry continuation, Ti column ↗
- 밀도 — PDF p. 80, Anticorodal-50 physical row, density column ↗
- 영률 — PDF p. 80, Anticorodal-50 physical row, youngs_modulus column ↗
- 열팽창 — PDF p. 80, Anticorodal-50 physical row, thermal_expansion column ↗
- 열전도율 — PDF p. 80, Anticorodal-50 physical row, thermal_conductivity column ↗
- 전기전도도 — PDF p. 81, Anticorodal-50 physical continuation, electrical_conductivity MS/m column ↗
- 전기전도도 — PDF p. 81, Anticorodal-50 physical continuation, electrical_conductivity IACS column ↗
- 선수축률 — PDF p. 81, Anticorodal-50 physical continuation, linear_shrinkage Sand column ↗
- 선수축률 — PDF p. 81, Anticorodal-50 physical continuation, linear_shrinkage Gravity column ↗
- 용융·응고 범위 — PDF p. 81, Anticorodal-50 physical continuation, melt_solidification_range Melt column ↗
- 밀도 — PDF p. 4, Anticorodal-50 REACH technical information, density at 20 °C ↗
- 용융 범위 — PDF p. 3, Anticorodal-50 REACH technical information, melting range ↗
- T6 general heat treatment — PDF p. 101, Anticorodal-50 general heat-treatment summary, T6 row ↗
- T4 general heat treatment — PDF p. 101, Anticorodal-50 general heat-treatment summary, T4 row ↗
- supplier qualitative characteristics — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 distinguishing characteristics ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Sand casting F row ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Sand casting F row ↗
- 항복강도 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Sand casting F row ↗
- 항복강도 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Sand casting F row ↗
- 항복강도 — PDF p. 75, technical information defining bracketed casting minima ↗
- 인장강도 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Sand casting F row ↗
- 인장강도 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Sand casting F row ↗
- 인장강도 — PDF p. 75, technical information defining bracketed casting minima ↗
- 연신율 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Sand casting F row ↗
- 연신율 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Sand casting F row ↗
- 연신율 — PDF p. 75, technical information defining bracketed casting minima ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Sand casting F row ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Sand casting F row ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 75, technical information defining bracketed casting minima ↗
- 피로 저항 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 Sand casting F fatigue column ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Sand casting T4 row ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Sand casting T4 row ↗
- 항복강도 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Sand casting T4 row ↗
- 항복강도 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Sand casting T4 row ↗
- 항복강도 — PDF p. 75, technical information defining bracketed casting minima ↗
- 인장강도 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Sand casting T4 row ↗
- 인장강도 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Sand casting T4 row ↗
- 인장강도 — PDF p. 75, technical information defining bracketed casting minima ↗
- 연신율 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Sand casting T4 row ↗
- 연신율 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Sand casting T4 row ↗
- 연신율 — PDF p. 75, technical information defining bracketed casting minima ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Sand casting T4 row ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Sand casting T4 row ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 75, technical information defining bracketed casting minima ↗
- 피로 저항 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 Sand casting T4 fatigue column ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Sand casting T6 row ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Sand casting T6 row ↗
- 항복강도 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Sand casting T6 row ↗
- 항복강도 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Sand casting T6 row ↗
- 항복강도 — PDF p. 75, technical information defining bracketed casting minima ↗
- 인장강도 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Sand casting T6 row ↗
- 인장강도 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Sand casting T6 row ↗
- 인장강도 — PDF p. 75, technical information defining bracketed casting minima ↗
- 연신율 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Sand casting T6 row ↗
- 연신율 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Sand casting T6 row ↗
- 연신율 — PDF p. 75, technical information defining bracketed casting minima ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Sand casting T6 row ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Sand casting T6 row ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 75, technical information defining bracketed casting minima ↗
- 피로 저항 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 Sand casting T6 fatigue column ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Gravity die casting F row ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Gravity die casting F row ↗
- 항복강도 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Gravity die casting F row ↗
- 항복강도 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Gravity die casting F row ↗
- 항복강도 — PDF p. 75, technical information defining bracketed casting minima ↗
- 인장강도 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Gravity die casting F row ↗
- 인장강도 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Gravity die casting F row ↗
- 인장강도 — PDF p. 75, technical information defining bracketed casting minima ↗
- 연신율 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Gravity die casting F row ↗
- 연신율 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Gravity die casting F row ↗
- 연신율 — PDF p. 75, technical information defining bracketed casting minima ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Gravity die casting F row ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Gravity die casting F row ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 75, technical information defining bracketed casting minima ↗
- 피로 저항 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 Gravity die casting F fatigue column ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Gravity die casting T4 row ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Gravity die casting T4 row ↗
- 항복강도 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Gravity die casting T4 row ↗
- 항복강도 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Gravity die casting T4 row ↗
- 항복강도 — PDF p. 75, technical information defining bracketed casting minima ↗
- 인장강도 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Gravity die casting T4 row ↗
- 인장강도 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Gravity die casting T4 row ↗
- 인장강도 — PDF p. 75, technical information defining bracketed casting minima ↗
- 연신율 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Gravity die casting T4 row ↗
- 연신율 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Gravity die casting T4 row ↗
- 연신율 — PDF p. 75, technical information defining bracketed casting minima ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Gravity die casting T4 row ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Gravity die casting T4 row ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 75, technical information defining bracketed casting minima ↗
- 피로 저항 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 Gravity die casting T4 fatigue column ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Gravity die casting T6 row ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Gravity die casting T6 row ↗
- 항복강도 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Gravity die casting T6 row ↗
- 항복강도 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Gravity die casting T6 row ↗
- 항복강도 — PDF p. 75, technical information defining bracketed casting minima ↗
- 인장강도 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Gravity die casting T6 row ↗
- 인장강도 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Gravity die casting T6 row ↗
- 인장강도 — PDF p. 75, technical information defining bracketed casting minima ↗
- 연신율 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Gravity die casting T6 row ↗
- 연신율 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Gravity die casting T6 row ↗
- 연신율 — PDF p. 75, technical information defining bracketed casting minima ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 21, Anticorodal-50 detailed mechanical table, Gravity die casting T6 row ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 mechanical summary, Gravity die casting T6 row ↗
- 브리넬 경도 — PDF p. 75, technical information defining bracketed casting minima ↗
- 피로 저항 — PDF p. 78, Anticorodal-50 Gravity die casting T6 fatigue column ↗
- 발화 온도 — PDF p. 3, Anticorodal-50 REACH technical information, dust ignition temperature ↗